Journal of Academic Research The Libyan Academy for Postgraduate Studies, Misrata Branch The Journal of Academic Research is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary scientific Journal dedicated to publishing high-quality, original research articles that contribute meaningfully to knowledge across a wide range of academic disciplines. Aims and Scope Humanities Investigates human culture, philosophy, literature, linguistics, and history. Social Sciences Covers research in sociology, psychology, political science, and anthropology. Natural Sciences Encompasses fundamental and applied studies in physics, chemistry, and biology. Engineering & Technology Publishes research on innovations in engineering practices and IT. Medical & Health Sciences Focuses on medicine, public health, clinical research, and pharmacology. Education Includes studies on curriculum development, educational theory, and policy. Law & Islamic Studies Examines legal frameworks, jurisprudence, comparative law, and Sharia. Economics & Administrative Involves research in economics, finance, business administration, and management. Open Access Policy Freely accessible and licensed under the Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0). Indexing & Archiving Indexed in Google Scholar. Articles are assigned a DOI through CrossRef. Languages & Review Submissions accepted in Arabic and English, undergoing double-blind review. Copyright © Journal of Academic Research - The Libyan Academy, Misrata Branch Contact: editorinchief@lam-journal.ly
الأكاديمية الليبية للدراسات العليا فرع مصراتة
الحوافز المادية وتأثيرها على أداء موظفي كلية التربية الخمس
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على الحوافز المادية ومدى تأثيرها على كفاءة الموظفين وتطورهم المهني والرفع من أدائهم، استخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، حيث تكون مجتمع الدراسة من (70) موظف تم اختيارهم بطريقة المسح الشامل ووزع عليهم استمارة استبيان، أسترد منها (57) كانت هي عينة هذه الدراسة. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن نتائج تحليل الانحدار أثبتت عن وجود تأثير إيجابي ذو دلالة إحصائية للحوافز المادية على الأداء الوظيفي لدى موظفي كلية التربية، وأن الحوافز المادية تفسر نسبة (39%) من التغير في الأداء الوظيفي، وهي نسبة تؤكد أهمية الحوافز المادية في تحسين مستوى الأداء، وأوصت الدراسة بالعمل على تطوير نظم الحوافز المادية بما يحقق العدالة والشفافية بين الموظفين، مع وضع معايير لمنح الحوافز المادية تعتمد على الكفاءة والأداء الوظيفي الفعلي والمتميز، والعمل على تعزيز مشاركة الموظفين في إبداء آرائهم ومقترحاتهم المتعلقة بنظم الحوافز المادية داخل الكلية.
Copyright (c) 2026 عزالدين خليل الديب، إبراهيم علي اليسير https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
العلاقة بين استخدام القصص الرقمية التفاعلية ومستوى التفكير المنطقي في مادة الرياضيات لدى تلاميذ الصف الثاني من مرحلة التعليم الأساسي
This study aimed to explore the relationship between the use of interactive digital storytelling and the level of logical thinking in mathematics among second-grade basic education students. A quasi-experimental design was adopted, with a purposive sample of 60 students divided equally into a control group (n=30) and an experimental group (n=30). The experimental group received instruction supported by interactive digital stories, while the control group was taught using conventional methods. A logical thinking test in mathematics was administered as pre- and post-tests. Results revealed statistically significant differences (p<0.01) between the two groups on the post-test in favour of the experimental group, and a significant positive correlation (r=0.74) between the level of engagement with digital stories and logical thinking. The study recommends integrating interactive digital storytelling into basic education mathematics curricula and training teachers in its effective pedagogical application
Copyright (c) 2026 نوارة محمد عتيقة صالح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
جهود الشيخ محمد بن محمد المحروق في علم القراءات
This research examines the poem "Al-Ghurra li-Tashil Nazm al-Durra" by Sheikh Muhammad Muhammad al-Mahrouq, considering it a significant scholarly contribution to the field of Quranic readings and its simplification of the three readings that complete the ten readings found in Ibn al-Jazari's text, "Al-Durra al-Mudiya." The research aims to highlight the scholarly value of this poem and elucidate its author's methodology in presenting and simplifying the reading issues for students. This is achieved through an analysis of its scholarly characteristics and its impact on facilitating the learning of this science. The research problem centers on uncovering Sheikh al-Mahrouq's methodology, the most prominent features of his poem, and its contribution to the study of the ten readings. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, having found no previous studies that addressed this poem using this methodology. The research plan is divided into two sections: the first introduces the author and his poem, and the second demonstrates the poem's impact on the field of Quranic readings through its attention to the principles and variations of the letters.
Copyright (c) 2026 فرج عمر الجرو https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
التنبؤ بسرعة الرياح الشهرية في منطقة سبها جنوب غرب ليبيا للفترة 2023-1972 باستخدام النموذج الموسمي الهجين SARIMA-GARCH
The global energy transition, driven by accelerating climate change, highlights wind power as a key renewable source; however, its inherent temporal volatility poses substantial forecasting challenges. This study develops a hybrid SARIMA-GARCH model to forecast monthly wind speed in Sabha, southwestern Libya, over the 1972–2023 period. The SARIMA component captures seasonal patterns and linear autocorrelation, while the GARCH component addresses volatility clustering and stochastic residual behavior, utilizing monthly data from the Sabha meteorological station. Following stationarity tests and confirmation of the ARCH effect in the SARIMA residuals, the specific specification SARIMA(1,0,1)(1,1,0)₁₂ - GARCH(1,1) was estimated. Out-of-sample evaluation over the independent test period 2022–2023 compared information criteria and standard forecast accuracy metrics. Empirical results demonstrate that the hybrid model significantly outperforms the standalone seasonal model, with information criteria improving by 6% and forecast errors decreasing by 29% during the test window. All coefficients of the hybrid model are statistically significant, confirming stable conditional variance and persistent volatility dynamics. Forecasts for 2024–2027 indicate annual average wind speeds ranging from 9.38 to 9.73 m/s, maintaining the characteristic spring seasonal peak while confidence intervals widen progressively over longer horizons. Based on these findings, we recommend adopting this hybrid model for short-term forecasts (up to 12 months ahead) to effectively support wind energy project operations in southern Libya. Furthermore, the study advocates extending this analytical framework to other regional stations and incorporating additional exogenous climatic predictors in future research.
Copyright (c) 2026 محمد امراجع محمد، عيسى عمر السرحاني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adapting Global Diabetes Management Guidelines for Low Resource Settings
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing rapidly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where limited resources often restrict the implementation of international diabetes management guidelines. Adapting these recommendations to local healthcare systems is essential to improve patient outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the applicability of current diabetes management guidelines in low-resource settings and identify practical strategies that balance clinical effectiveness with affordability and accessibility. Methods: A narrative review of international guidelines and published literature was conducted to compare evidence-based recommendations with the realities of diabetes care in LMICs. The review focused on treatment efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness, medication accessibility, and healthcare delivery models. Results: Metformin remains the preferred first-line therapy because of its proven efficacy, safety, and affordability. Second-generation sulfonylureas continue to provide a practical and cost-effective second-line option where access to newer agents is limited. Although SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists offer important cardiovascular and renal benefits, their high cost limits widespread use. Strengthening primary care, ensuring access to essential medicines, implementing simplified treatment protocols, and expanding community-based care can substantially improve diabetes management. Conclusion: Diabetes care in LMICs requires pragmatic adaptation of international guidelines. Prioritizing affordable therapies and context-specific care models can improve glycemic control, reduce complications, and support sustainable diabetes management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed Baayou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Clinical and Functional Outcomes
Background: Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing (ESIN) using Nancy nails is the preferred treatment for pediatric diaphyseal forearm fractures failing conservative management. However, specialized implants can be costly and unavailable in resource-limited settings, prompting surgeons to use Kirschner-wires (K-wires) as an alternative. Materials and Methods: A randomized trial was conducted over a one-year period at Misurata Central Hospital and Aljazeera Hospital, involving 32 pediatric patients (aged 5–12 years) with unstable diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures. Patients were allocated to receive either intramedullary K-wire fixation ($n=17$) or elastic Nancy nail fixation ($n=15$). Functional and clinical outcomes were evaluated at six months postoperatively using the Price et al. criteria. Results: Bony union was achieved in 100% of patients in both groups within 12 to 14 weeks. According to the Price et al. criteria, an 'Excellent' or 'Good' functional outcome was achieved by all patients, with 88.2% in the K-wire group and 86.7% in the Nancy nail group scoring 'Excellent'. Surgical duration, immobilization period, and time to implant removal were comparable. Complications were limited to minor, transient superficial skin irritation (11.8% for K-wires vs. 6.7% for Nancy nails) which resolved with conservative care. No deep infections or implant failures occurred. Conclusion: Intramedullary K-wire fixation yields clinical and functional outcomes fully comparable to specialized elastic Nancy nails. Given their widespread availability and cost-effectiveness, carefully pre-bent K-wires serve as a highly reliable primary surgical treatment option, especially in resource-constrained healthcare settings
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Glaisa، Ali Zaggout، Hussien Alhalloup، Alhadi Alsaghaier، Mustafa Alsagier https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Following Simultaneous Carpal Tunnel Release and Rotator Cuff Repair
Background: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) represents a rare yet debilitating complication following upper extremity surgery. While carpal tunnel release is one of the most performed orthopaedic procedures, the development of CRPS post-operatively remains an uncommon but clinically significant event that can profoundly impact patient outcomes and quality of life. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 50-year-old right-handed Libyan female who developed CRPS following simultaneous open carpal tunnel release and right rotator cuff repair. The patient manifested classic hallmarks of CRPS type I within two weeks of surgery, including disproportionate pain, hand swelling, warmth, hyperalgesia, and progressive loss of range of motion. Radiographic examination revealed evidence of periarticular osteopenia. Despite conservative management with physiotherapy, gabapentin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs over a two-month period, the patient demonstrated only modest clinical improvement with persistent functional limitations. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of early recognition and aggressive multimodal management of CRPS following upper extremity surgery. The development of CRPS in the context of simultaneous ipsilateral procedures raises important questions regarding surgical trauma burden and its potential role in CRPS pathogenesis. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for this complication, particularly when post-operative pain appears disproportionate to the surgical intervention performed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Glaisa، Ali Zaggout، Mustafa Mohamed Alsagheir، Emad Mahmoud Swayeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Congenital Duodenal Obstruction: Diagnostic Challenges and Surgical Outcomes in Libya Case Series
Background: Congenital duodenal obstruction [CDO] is a rare cause of upper intestinal obstruction in children. While most cases are diagnosed during the neonatal period, partial obstruction may remain undetected until later infancy or childhood, leading to delayed diagnosis and chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. Case Presentation: We report three pediatric cases of congenital duodenal obstruction managed at Misrata Medical Center, Libya. The first case involved a 19-month-old female with chronic non-bilious vomiting, failure to thrive, and recurrent respiratory infections secondary to a congenital duodenal web associated with patent ductus arteriosus. The second case was a 6-month-old infant with Down syndrome and annular pancreas presenting with persistent vomiting and severe malnutrition. The third case involved a neonate with a congenital duodenal web presenting shortly after birth with vomiting and melena. All patients underwent successful surgical correction with excellent postoperative recovery. Conclusion: Congenital duodenal obstruction [CDO] may present beyond the neonatal period with nonspecific symptoms, resulting in delayed diagnosis. Persistent vomiting and growth failure should prompt early radiological evaluation. Early recognition and timely surgical intervention are essential to improve nutritional and clinical outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa El-ahmer، Hala Abuzagaia، Eman Alabani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation of C‑Reactive Protein and White Blood Cell Count with Histopathologically Proven Acute Appendicitis Faculty of Medicine, University of Misurata at period between January 2025 to June 2025
Background: Acute appendicitis is a common surgical emergency. Laboratory markers like white blood cell (WBC) count and C‑reactive protein (CRP) are widely used for diagnosis. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance and correlation of WBC and CRP with histopathology. Methods: A Retrospective study was conducted at Misrata medical Centre (mmc) from January 2025 to June 2025 for 72 patients who underwent appendectomy. Histopathology served as the gold standard and cases were grouped as: normal appendix (n = 17), suppurative (n = 48), and perforated (n = 7). Preoperative WBC and CRP were recorded as “raised” or “not raised” using the local laboratory cutoffs used in the treating institution. Diagnostic performance measures (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV) were calculated for WBC and CRP against histopathology. Results: Of 72 patients, 17 (23.6%) had normal appendix, 48 (66.6%) suppurative appendicitis, and 7 (9.7%) perforated appendicitis. WBC sensitivity was 78.18% and specificity 82.35%; CRP sensitivity was 74.54% and specificity 70.58%. Conclusion: Both CRP and WBC show significant correlation with histopathology, with WBC showing slightly superior diagnostic performance. Combined marker use increases diagnostic accuracy
Copyright (c) 2026 Esam Alsaghair، Omar alatrash، Taher Alkesa، Malek swesi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Double lift loop system to suspend the thumb after a trapeziectomy
Background: The unique anatomy of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb allows the human hand to make a myriad of movements and functions, which can be severely compromised by osteoarthritis. Aims: This study aimed to determine clinical outcomes and assess the functional outcome of a double lift loop system to suspend the thumb after a trapeziectomy. Methods: A single-center retrospective study reviewing patient files in a level one trauma center (Misrata Medical Center) over a two-year follow-up period. Results: 25 patients diagnosed with varying degrees of CMC joint arthritis were evaluated, with a 1:5 male-to-female ratio and a mean age of 62 years. Excellent results were recorded in 89% of patients, showing significant improvement in pain scores and mild improvements in range of motion. Discussion: Trapeziectomy remains the gold standard for pain relief in CMC arthritis, but traditional K-wire stabilization introduces complications that are bypassed by the early mobilization permitted by the double lift loop technique. Conclusion: Trapeziectomy with a double lift loop system proves to be an excellent surgical treatment option due to short immobilization periods, high satisfactory outcomes, and lack of revision surgeries. Conclusion: Thumb CMC arthritis is common and disruptive to daily life. When conservative treatment fails, trapeziectomy with a double lift loop system is an excellent surgical option due to a short immobilization period (10–14 days), high satisfaction rates, and no need for revision surgery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Y Elghawail، J Ben hmaida، O rafieda، N bouzgayya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Endovascular Management in Patient with Ischemic Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Digital Ischemia in General Surgery Department Misurata Medical Center
Background: Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is a major cause of hospitalization, lower-limb amputation, and mortality worldwide. Patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease (PAD) have significantly higher mortality rates than non-diabetic patients, with reported 5-year mortality exceeding 30%. Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes of endovascular interventions in diabetic foot patients with femoropopliteal, infrapopliteal, and multilevel arterial occlusive disease. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 20 patients treated at Misrata Medical Center between January and December 2025. All patients had diabetic foot ulcers and/or digital ischemia associated with femoropopliteal, infrapopliteal, or multilevel arterial occlusions. Procedures were performed in the General Surgery and Vascular Surgery Departments. Results: The study included 17 males (85%) and 3 females (15%), with a mean age of 62.5 years. Limb salvage, defined as freedom from major amputation, was achieved in 90% of patients at 3 months. Clinical success, defined as relief of rest pain, ulcer healing improvement, and limb preservation according to Rutherford categories, was also achieved in 90% of cases. Two patients (10%) developed complications: one underwent thromboembolectomy for arterial thrombosis but ultimately required above-knee amputation, while the other underwent femoro-distal bypass surgery. Conclusions: Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) was successfully performed in 18 patients (90%), resulting in effective limb salvage and significant clinical improvement. Endovascular intervention appears to be a safe and effective limb-preserving treatment for diabetic patients with lower-limb arterial occlusive disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmud Sunusi Amer، Taher Alkisa، Wael Fathi Emmaima، Hassan Omar Badi، Osama Aldergash، Wesam Elsaghayer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
?ESWL of Solitary Renal Stones at Different Anatomical Sites with Piezoelectric Lithotripsy. Does it Affect the Results
Introduction: Kidney stone disease is a common health problem which increasing prevalence in industrialized countries. Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is an important, effective, non-invasive, treatment option for kidney stones. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of stone location within the kidney on the outcome of ESWL in renal solitary stones. Methods: A single center study that assessed the effect of stone location inside the kidney on the result of treatment with ESWL. It was conducted in the urology department in Ibn Sina teaching hospital – Sirte – Libya in a four year period that extended from January 2010 to December 2013. Results: 129 patients with solitary renal stones were enrolled in the study, of whom 79 males (61%) and 50 females (39%). Patients' age ranged from 5 to 74 years old. Average stone size was 13.2 mm. There were 18 patients (14%) with stones in the upper calyx, 15 (12%) in the middle, 38 (29%) in the lower renal calyx and 58 (45) patients with stones in renal pelvis. Stone free rate was 72% in stones located in upper renal calyx, 80% in middle calyx, 53% in lower calyx and 81% in stones located in renal pelvis. Discussion: the finding of the current study is consistent with growing body of evidence that indicate that ESWL is least effective in case of stones located in the lower renal calyx. Therefore, early stone localization might help in the decision making and selection of the best option for the stones located in sites less responsive to ESWL. Conclusion: patients' selection and stone site localization are important points to help in decision making before ESWL since other treatment options should be considered in patients with lower renal calyceal stones, or any other patients who may not benefit from ESWL.
Copyright (c) 2026 Refaat Abusamra، Omran Aburgiga، Ali Ben Omran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Severe Unilateral Cystic Bronchiectasis in a Child with Down Syndrome and Prior Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair
Background: Congenital bronchiectasis is a rare but serious condition in the pediatric population and may be more challenging to diagnose in children with Down syndrome due to overlapping clinical features and communication difficulties. Bronchiectasis, characterized by irreversible bronchial dilatation, is often associated with recurrent infections and may be particularly severe in children with underlying genetic conditions. Case Presentation: We report a 12-year-old girl with Down syndrome and prior congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair who presented with a long-standing history of productive cough and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections since infancy. Physical examination revealed underweight status, digital clubbing, and inspiratory crackles predominantly in the left lower lung zone. Imaging demonstrated extensive cystic bronchiectasis with left lung volume reduction, and the patient underwent left pneumonectomy. Histopathology confirmed severe acute and chronic bronchiectasis with patchy fibrosis and superimposed acute bronchopneumonia. Conclusion: This case highlights the rare occurrence of severe unilateral cystic bronchiectasis in children with Down syndrome and prior congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. Early recognition and surgical intervention may be necessary in cases with extensive lung destruction
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa El-Ahmer، Wesam Elsaghayer، Ahmed Aniba، Eman Alabani، Fatma Kannah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Successful Perioperative Hemostatic Management in Type 3 von Willebrand Disease During Laparoscopic Repair of Giant Hiatus Hernia Complicated by Pneumothorax
Background: Type 3 von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most severe form of inherited bleeding disorders and carries a high perioperative hemorrhagic risk. Case Presentation: A 33-year-old male with known type 3 vWD underwent elective laparoscopic repair of a grade IV hiatus hernia. Perioperative management included administration of von Willebrand factor/factor VIII (VWF/FVIII) concentrate. The postoperative course was complicated by left-sided pneumothorax requiring chest tube insertion. Replacement therapy continued for six days; no bleeding complications or transfusion were required. Conclusion: Major laparoscopic surgery can be safely performed in patients with severe vWD when managed with appropriate replacement therapy and multidisciplinary coordination. Keywords: von Willebrand disease; type 3; laparoscopic surgery; perioperative management; pneumothorax; hemostasis
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamal A. Abu Dina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multi-Response Performance Optimization in the Turning Process of Low-Carbon Steel Alloys Using Response Surface Methodology and Desirability Function Approach
In the present investigation, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in conjunction with the Desirability Function Approach (DFA) was utilized to ascertain the optimal values for cutting parameters—namely, cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut—with the objective of minimizing surface roughness and maximizing the Material Removal Rate (MRR). A Face-Centered Central Composite Design (FCCD) was implemented to systematically and effectively facilitate the experimental procedures. Second-order mathematical models for both MRR and surface roughness (Ra) were formulated based on the empirical data obtained from the experiments. The validity of these mathematical constructs was corroborated through (F-tests), and their adequacy was meticulously assessed utilizing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) pertinent to the specified responses. Subsequently, the cutting parameters were optimized employing the predictive models generated through RSM, while a comprehensive multi-response optimization was executed via the desirability-based DFA. The findings indicated that the optimal values for the cutting parameters—resulting in the minimal surface roughness (1.8934 µm) and the maximal material removal rate (11,459 mm³/min)—were attained at a spindle speed of 1120 rpm, a feed rate of 0.20 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 0.6788 mm. These results substantiate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in augmenting the machining performance of low-carbon steel alloys.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa Hakoma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Syntactic ambiguity and its impact on translation strategies from English to Arabic
The study addressed Syntactic ambiguity in the translation of ambiguous sentences with multiple meanings. A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods was used to ensure the accuracy of the results. A translation test and group discussion were the data collection tools. The sample consisted of 30 fourth-year students majoring in English at the Faculty of Arts, Department of English Language and Literature. The research revealed that the majority of students relied on grammatical rules and logical expectations when translating the test sentences. The results also showed a clear tendency among students to choose the most common translations and avoid alternative meanings, which they generally considered complex and ambiguous. These findings highlight the urgent need for detailed explanations accompanied by practical application for ambiguous sentences, and for developing students' translation skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asmaa Salem al-Mwber، Ekram Gebril Khalil، Ietidal Adrees Aljadi، Samira mftah Ahmid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of the Microbial Contamination Levels in Local and Imported Minced Meat in Benghazi City, Libya
The study was conducted to investigate bacterial contaminants in local and imported minced red meat available in the local markets of Benghazi city. A total of 20 samples of local and imported red meat (Brazilian, Romanian, Sudanese) were randomly collected, with five samples from each type, from five different areas in Benghazi (Al-Laithi, Al-Majouri, Bouhdima, Shebna, and Al-Salmani). Meat extracts were cultured on various selective and differential media to detect bacterial contamination, primarily Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. The results showed a high bacterial load in imported red meat, mostly exceeding the permissible limits when compared with the Libyan Standard Specification. The total microbial counts of local minced red meat sold in the studied shops ranged between 87 × 10² CFU/g and 39 × 10² CFU/g, whereas the total microbial counts of imported minced red meat ranged between 66 × 10⁵ CFU/g and 22 × 10⁴ CFU/g. Furthermore, variable counts of E. coli and S. aureus were detected, in addition to the identification of other bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., and yeasts of the genus Candida spp. The counts of these microorganisms were significantly lower in local meat compared to imported minced meat. However, Salmonella spp. were not detected in either local or imported samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبد المجيد نجيب مراجع الصوينعي، مراد عبد الرازق رمضان السعيطي، سراج الخفيفي، كمال السعيطي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اتجاهات الموجهين التربويين نحو توظيف الإشراف التربوي الإلكتروني في تنمية الممارسات الصفية لدى المعلمين
Abstract This research aims to identify the attitudes of educational supervisors towards employing e-supervision in developing classroom practices among teachers. The sample consisted of (66) male and female supervisors. The descriptive-analytical method was used, and the research instrument was a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Among the most important findings of the research is that the attitudes of educational supervisors towards employing e-supervision in developing practices are positive, with a relative weight of (80.4%). Educational supervisors' attitudes toward the role of e-supervision in lesson planning ranked first, with a high level and relative weight of 82%. Educational supervisors' attitudes toward utilizing e-supervision ranked second, with a mean score of 4.10 and a relative weight of 82%, equaling their attitudes toward the role of e-supervision in lesson planning, and also at a high level. Educational supervisors' attitudes toward utilizing e-supervision ranked third, with a high level and relative weight of 80.6%. Educational supervisors' attitudes toward the role of e-supervision in classroom instruction ranked fourth, with a high level and relative weight of 79.2%. Keywords: Educational mentor trends – Electronic educational supervision – Classroom practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 أم السعد أحمد الأشلم، فرج محمد رحيم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
الأنماط المعمارية والزخرفية لمساجد مدينة طرابلس القديمة خلال العهد العثماني الأول (1551م – 1711م)
إن مساجد مدينة طرابلس القديمة خلال العهد العثماني الأول لها أنماط معمارية، وزخرفية متميزة، وذلك من خلال تصميمها المعماري، والتنوع الزخرفي لها، والهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحليل الأنماط المعمارية والزخرفية للمساجد بمدينة طرابلس القديمة خلال العهد العثماني الأول، ومدي تميزها المعماري، والفني حيث ظهرت علي عناصرها المعمارية زخارف نباتية، وهندسية وخطية، نفذت جميعها على الحجر، أو الرخام أو الجص بالإضافة إلى وجود عدد من اللوحات التأسيسية التي تعلوا المداخل، وهي تحمل العديد من التفاصيل التاريخية، والاقتصادية، والسياسية، والاجتماعية لتلك الفترة، واتبعنا في هذه الدراسة المنهج التاريخي، والمنهج الوصفي التحليلي، ومن أهم النتائج في هذه الدراسة هو تحديد الأنماط المعمارية والفنية لمساجد العهد العثماني الأول بمدينة طرابلس القديمة، وكذلك تصحيح بعض نصوص اللوحات التأسيسية التي ذكرت من قبل المؤرخين، وتساهم هذه الدراسة في تزويد البُحاث وطلاب كليات الآثار، وكليات الفنون، والهندسة المعمارية، بأهم وأبرز الحقائق حول الأنماط المعمارية والفنية لمساجد العهد العثماني الأول.
Copyright (c) 2026 د. محمد مصطفى الخازمي، ابوراوي مصطفى المرخية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ضريح سيدي حامد بمسلاتة ودوره الديني والاجتماعي والتغيرات التي طرأت عليه من خلال الفترة (1935- 1965)
This research is among the many studies that have examined the movement of traditional education in Libya, represented by Quranic schools (kuttabs), zawiyas (religious lodges), and mosques. However, this study uniquely focuses on another secondary center used for teaching children reading, writing, and Quran memorization: the buildings of shrines and their annexes. In some areas, these served as primary centers for teaching children writing and the Quran, especially in remote regions lacking mosques or religious lodges. The shrine of Sidi Hamed is perhaps one such example, as the surrounding community used it to teach their children writing and the Quran. The study concluded that these places played a significant educational role, serving as a primary source for preparing children to join religious lodges. Therefore, this research aims to highlight the role of this particular kuttab, as it was one of the religious educational centers during the period in question.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبد المنعم فرحات https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Changes in oil prices and their impact on local price levels in the Libyan economy
This study aimed to investigate the impact of oil price fluctuations on domestic prices and to explain the nature of this impact, particularly in light of the upward trend in domestic prices in recent years. The study adopted an inductive approach, reviewing and drawing conclusions from previous studies and research. It also employed a quantitative approach, utilizing modern econometric tests and methods, including unit root tests, distributed interval auto regression, and tests to measure the accuracy of the estimated model. The study concluded with several key findings, most notably that domestic prices are inversely affected by short-term changes in oil price behavior, but this effect diminishes in the long term. Conversely, the level of domestic prices is directly affected by long-term changes in the rate of growth of the money supply. Keywords: Oil prices, domestic price level, Libyan economy, unit root tests.
Copyright (c) 2026 د. سامي عمر علي ساسي، أ. نجم الدين الفاهم صقر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
That which is forgiven in the follower is not forgiven in the leader
This study examines the juristic maxim, “What is excused in a subsidiary matter is not excused in an independent matter” (Yughtafaru fi al-tābiʿ mālā yughtafaru fi al-matbūʿ), which is one of the subsidiary maxims derived from the broader principle that “the dependent follows the independent” This maxim is among the legal principles that reflect the spirit of facilitation in Islamic law and its consideration of dependency in legal rulings. The study seeks to clarify the concept of this maxim by examining its terminology, explicating its meaning, and presenting its most prominent formulations as articulated by jurists, while highlighting its significance within the framework of Islamic legal maxims. The study further explores the evidences upon which scholars have relied in establishing this maxim, drawing from the Qur’an, the Prophetic Sunnah, and the opinions of jurists. It also investigates a number of its juristic applications across various chapters of Islamic law, particularly in the field of transactions (muʿāmalāt), demonstrating how the principle of dependency contributes to the mitigation of certain rulings that would not be excused if considered independently but are excused when they occur incidentally or as part of a dependent matter. This, in turn, illustrates the maxim’s role in regulating subsidiary legal issues and linking them to their overarching legal principles. The study concludes that this maxim represents an important manifestation of facilitation and the alleviation of hardship in Islamic law. A proper understanding of it assists in systematizing numerous juristic rulings and relating them to their foundational
Copyright (c) 2026 أحمد البكوش https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, Implementation, and Preliminary Validation of an Integrated Electro-Mechanical Patient-Monitoring Unit
This paper presents the design and implementation of an integrated electro-mechanical medical care unit intended for remote monitoring of chronic patients. The system utilizes hardware components including the MAX30100 sensor, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, Arduino Uno microcontroller, OLED display, and power modules. Mechanical design was developed in SolidWorks to support a compact respiratory-monitoring box, while software integration used both LabVIEW and the UBIDOTS cloud platform for visualization, data logging, alerting, and medical supervision. The system continuously measures vital signs such as heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO₂), triggers artificial ventilation in abnormal conditions, and sends automated Gmail notifications to healthcare providers. Results demonstrate the ability of the proposed solution to improve real-time monitoring, support medical decision-making, and reduce healthcare workload. The system provides an efficient electro-mechanical solution for intelligent telehealth and patient-care automation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fares M. Ibrahim Benour، Akram Almabrouk Aleiah، Walid T. Shanab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
دور معلمات رياض الأطفال في تنمية مهارات الإدراك السمعي لدى طفل الروضة بمدينة مصراتة
هدف البحث إلى التعرف على دور معلمات رياض الأطفال في تنمية مهارات الإدراك السمعي لدى طفل الروضة، والكشف عمّا إذا كانت هناك فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين استجابة أفراد العينة تُعزى لمتغيري: (المؤهل العلمي، وسنوات الخبرة) واستخدمت الباحثتان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتضمنت عينه البحث (70) معلمة تم اختيارها عشوائياً من معلمات الرياض العامة بمدينة مصراته، واستخدمت الباحثتان الاستبانة كأداة للبحث، ومن أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث أن لمعلمات رياض الأطفال دور كبير في تنمية مهارات الإدراك السمعي لدى طفل الروضة، لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة معنوية في دور معلمات رياض الأطفال في تنمية مهارات الإدراك السمعي لطفل الروضة وفقا لمتغير المؤهل العلمي، لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة معنوية في دور معلمات رياض الأطفال في تنمية مهارات الإدراك السمعي لطفل الروضة وفقا لمتغير سنوات الخبرة في رياض الأطفال العامة بمدينة مصراته
Copyright (c) 2026 حنان محمد أبوفناس، سليمة مصطفى محجوب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
دور الإرشاد التربوي في الحد من التسرب الدراسي من وجهة نظر معلمي مرحلة التعليم الأساسي ببلدية مسلاتة
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور الإرشاد التربوي في الحد من التسرب الدراسي من وجهة نظر معلمي مرحلة التعليم الأساسي ببلدية مسلاتة، والكشف عن أبرز المعوقات التي تحد من فاعلية الإرشاد التربوي داخل المدارس. واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، كما تم استخدام الاستبانة أداةً رئيسية لجمع البيانات، حيث تكونت من محورين رئيسيين واشتملت على (12) فقرة، وتم تطبيقها على عينة عشوائية بلغت (50) معلمًا ومعلمة من مرحلة التعليم الأساسي ببلدية مسلاتة. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن للإرشاد التربوي دورًا فعالًا في الحد من ظاهرة التسرب الدراسي، من خلال متابعة التلاميذ المعرضين للتسرب، وتعزيز دافعيتهم نحو التعلم، وتقوية العلاقة بين المدرسة وأولياء الأمور. كما كشفت النتائج عن وجود مجموعة من المعوقات التي تؤثر في فاعلية الإرشاد التربوي، من أبرزها قلة عدد المرشدين التربويين، وضعف الإمكانيات المدرسية، وكثرة الأعباء الإدارية، وضعف تعاون بعض أولياء الأمور مع المدرسة. وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة دعم الإرشاد التربوي داخل المدارس، وزيادة عدد المرشدين التربويين، وتوفير الإمكانيات اللازمة لتنفيذ البرامج الإرشادية، إضافة إلى تعزيز التعاون بين المدرسة والأسرة للحد من ظاهرة التسرب الدراسي. الكلمات المفتاحية: الإرشاد التربوي، التسرب الدراسي، التعليم الأساسي، المرشد التربوي، معلمو مرحلة التعليم الأساسي، بلدية مسلاتة.
Copyright (c) 2026 فاطمة معمر عبدالسلام الهدار https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Student Silence and Spoken Response in EFL Classes
This qualitative case study examines patterns of student silence and spoken response in second-year EFL classes at the Faculty of Education, Elmergib University, Al-Khums. Data were collected during March and April 2023 through classroom observation of ten lectures, semi-structured interviews with three lecturers, and a short supporting written student survey. Thematic analysis identified four main patterns: spoken responses were limited and unevenly distributed across sessions; lecturers used Arabic and translation regularly to maintain comprehension and lesson flow; lecturers responded to hesitation in different ways, and this appeared connected with whether students attempted spoken responses; and participation appeared connected with students’ confidence, preparation habits, vocabulary anxiety, and assessment expectations. The findings suggest that limited spoken response in this setting cannot be explained by language level alone. It is connected with classroom habits, teacher questioning patterns, the role of Arabic support, and students’ perception that speaking carried limited weight in formal assessment. The paper offers practical suggestions for lecturers working in similar EFL settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdussalam Ali Faraj mousa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Descriptive Correlational Study of Cancer Patients at the National Institute in Misurata
The aim of this study was to identify the levels of both death anxiety and psychological resilience among a sample of cancer patients at the National Institute in the city of Misurata. The study also sought to examine differences in the levels of these two variables according to demographic factors, including gender, age, and marital status. The study sample consisted of 49 cancer patients who were selected using a purposive sampling method. To achieve the objectives of the study and answer its research questions, several statistical techniques were employed, including means, standard deviations, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and the independent samples t-test. The findings revealed a low level of death anxiety and a high level of psychological resilience among cancer patients at the National Institute in Misurata. Furthermore, the results indicated that there was no statistically significant correlation between death anxiety and psychological resilience among the study participants. Keywords: Death Anxiety, Psychological Resilience, Cancer Patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 أسماء محمد الجروشي، أ.د فتحية العربي القصبي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structure–Property Relationships of Novel Random Aromatic Copolyesters Containing Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone Units: Influence of Molecular Weight Distribution on Thermal and Electrical Performance
Two novel random aromatic copolyesters (V and VI) containing dibenzylidenecyclohexanone units were synthesized via interfacial polycondensation and characterized by FTIR, EA, GPC, electrical conductivity measurements, and TGA. The copolyesters exhibited high molecular weights (Mn = 48,500–52,000 g mol⁻¹) and were insoluble in common organic solvents. Electrical measurements indicated insulating to semiconducting behavior with ohmic conduction. TGA results revealed excellent thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 369 °C and 50% weight loss occurring at 474 °C. The enhanced thermal resistance is attributed to the rigid aromatic and conjugated structures within the polymer backbone. These results demonstrate the potential of the synthesized copolyesters for high-performance and membrane-related applications
Copyright (c) 2026 aya adel buzareiba، Mabruka A. Abdualla، Tareg M. Elsunaki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
دور الجماعات الضاغطة في تعزيز المشاركة السياسية والتأثير في صنع القرار العام
Abstract: This study addresses pressure groups as one of the most important mechanisms of participation in public affairs and as key actors in contemporary political and social life. These groups have increasingly played a significant role in influencing public policies and governmental decisions by representing the interests of different segments of society and defending them through various legitimate means. The study aims to clarify the concept of pressure groups, their characteristics, and their importance in promoting public participation, while also distinguishing them from political parties in terms of objectives and functions. It further examines the various classifications of pressure groups according to the nature of the interests they represent, their degree of organization, and the scope of their activities, highlighting their diversity and different fields of action within society.sms used by pressurea media and social networks, or through petitions, peaceful protests, and various legal means. The study concluded that pressure groups constitute an essential element in modern democratic systems, as they help convey the demands of citizens and various social groups to the relevant authorities. They also contribute to balancing the diverse and often competing interests within society. Therefore, the existence of effective and well-organized pressure groups is considered an important indicator of the vitality of civil society and the enhancement of participation in the management of public affairs. Key words: Pressure groups – influence – political participation. .
Copyright (c) 2026 وفاء الشريف بوخطوة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Laboratory-Based Assessment of Metabolic Homeostasis and Mineral Balance in Adults from Zawia, Libya
Integrated multi-biomarker profiling provides critical insights into subclinical metabolic disturbances. A retrospective, cross-sectional archive analysis was conducted utilizing laboratory records from Zawia Medical Centre (N=208). Ten biomarkers across five physiological axes were quantified. To address real-world missing data, pairwise deletion was applied. Inter-system cross-talk was calculated via Pearson correlation coefficients (r) using IBM SPSS (v26.0). The cohort exhibited glycaemic stress with an elevated mean Fasting Blood Sugar of 119.95 pm 46.38 {mg/dL} (n=133, Range: 29–370 mg/dL). Renal filtration markers showed marked dispersion: serum urea averaged 25.78 pm 11.25 {mg/dL} (n=109) and serum creatinine stood at 0.83 pm 0.85 {mg/dL} (n=92), skewed by advanced nephropathy outliers (Max: 8.50 mg/dL). Bivariate analysis exposed highly synchronized intra-hepatic activity between ALT and AST (r=0.834, P=0.003, n=10). Crucially, a distinct inter-system feedback loop linked macromineral stability with enzymatic pathways, where serum calcium (9.26 pm 1.33 {mg/dL}, n=61) correlated positively with Alkaline Phosphatase levels (r=0.460, P=0.041, n=20). Additionally, a significant musculoskeletal-renal filtration interface connected categorical Creatinine Status with circulating Creatine Kinase (r=0.958, P=0.042, n=4). Gender (66.3% female, 33.7% male) demonstrated complete biochemical uniformity across all axes (P>0.05). Correlated variations across glycaemic, renal, hepatic, and mineral biomarkers suggest the presence of interconnected metabolic disturbances rather than isolated physiological alterations. These findings provide valuable real-world evidence from western Libya and highlight the importance of strengthening standardized electronic laboratory databases to support regional screening strategies, disease surveillance, and chronic disease prevention efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shokri ayad halila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0